India has held the second phase of the world's biggest election, with Prime Minister Narendra Modi and his rivals hurling accusations of religious discrimination and threats to democracy amid flagging voter turnout.
Almost one billion people are eligible to vote in the seven-phase general election that began on April 19 and concludes on June 1, with votes set to be counted on June 4.
Modi is seeking a record-equalling third consecutive term on the back of his economic record, welfare measures, national pride, Hindu nationalism and personal popularity. Surveys suggest he will easily win a comfortable majority.
His challengers have formed an alliance of more than two dozen parties and are promising greater affirmative action, more handouts and an end to what they call Modi's autocratic rule.
A total of 88 seats out of the 543 in the lower house of parliament went to the polls on Friday, with 160 million people eligible to vote across 13 states and federal territories.
Approximate voter turnout data at the end of polling put Friday's turnout at 61 per cent, lower than the 65 per cent in the first phase last week, and 68 per cent in the second phase five years back.
The Election Commission and political parties are concerned that unseasonably hot weather, and weddings in some parts of the country, would affect turnout.
Analysts say that there is no single issue strong enough to pull voters out this time and the committed Hindu nationalist base of Modi's Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) may not be stepping out due to complacency or overconfidence, resulting in lower turnouts.
More than half the seats in Friday's contests were in the southern states of Kerala and Karnataka and the northwestern state of Rajasthan.
The campaign has become more heated since the first phase of voting on April 19 as Modi and the main opposition Congress party have faced off on communal issues with Modi accusing Congress of favouring minority Muslims, aiming to dilute affirmative action and planning to impose an inheritance tax.
Congress has denied the charges and said Modi fears losing and was using divisive language to distract voters from real issues such as unemployment, rising prices and rural distress.
Rahul Gandhi, former Congress president and the face of the party, was among the 1200 candidates hoping to be elected on Friday.
"This election is not a regular election ... because for the first time in the history of India, one party and one person is trying to finish the constitution and democracy of India," Gandhi said at an election rally in a region of Karnataka, which votes next week.
Gandhi is seeking re-election from Wayanad in Kerala and faces Annie Raja of the Communist Party of India (CPI) and BJP's K. Surendran, among others, in the Left Front-ruled state.
In 2019, Gandhi defeated the CPI candidate by more than 400,000 votes, the highest margin in Kerala, although he lost his second seat to BJP in the family bastion of Amethi in north India. India allows a candidate to contest more than one seat but they can keep only one if they record multiple victories.
Congress slumped to a historic low when it was swept out of power by BJP in 2014 and won its second-lowest number of seats - 52 - in 2019, with Kerala contributing the highest tally of 15.
The party is expected to do better in Karnataka this year where it won just one of 28 seats in 2019 but gained strength and defeated BJP in state elections last year.
It is still seen to be struggling nationally as bickering within the opposition alliance it leads and graft cases against some leaders has hobbled its challenge to Modi.
"Phase Two has been too good!" Modi posted on X after voting closed.
"The unparalleled support for NDA is going to disappoint the Opposition even more," he said, referring to his BJP-led ruling National Democratic Alliance.
